So .......... Finally .............A full stop on the Bombay Blast Case { B B C }

Never in the history of Independent India has there been a case ,as lengthy and awaited as the Bombay Blast case .This historical BBC, finally terminated on July 31st 2007.

Death of around 258 people , injury to 713 , people charge sheeted 189, conviction for 100 out of 123 tried , witnesses of 687 people ……… hufffffff !!!!!!!!!!!!!! , pages required for recording statements – about 20000 , lifer for 20 , death for 12, acquittal for 23 ………………….. number of black apron individuals appearing in the trial – nearly 60, & around Rs .50000 per annum --- cost of trial for a accused .

These figures , might take some time , for large number of people to digest . But the 14 yr saga of the BBC , from March 12, 1993 when it all started , till July the 31st – the ultimate judgment day of the case , had to end some day . On the last day Sanjay Sunil Dutt , the popular film icon & a lovable cinestar for quite a few , was sentenced to 6 yrs in prison. The entire nation was eagerly waiting for Judge P.D Kode to announce the verdict in case of Munnabhai . But this man , the most protected judge in the state ,the only judge to have an insurance cover of Rs.25 lakh and the most protected judge in Maharashtra who is on Z-Security list, with all his experience , ensured that the right decision was made by giving Dutt this sentence .
And finally when it came ,it turned out to be a shock for a few & a correct decision for some others . But does his glamorous background and celebrity status should really be taken into consideration in one of the country’s most important cases ?????????????


COMMENT >>>>>>>>>>>>>>

After all crime is crime and there is no point in discussing over its degree of severity. The prosecutor has done a great thing, in not showing a lenient stand toward the Bollywood idol.

“ GLOBAL WARMING ”

Nature is such a thing under whose lap no one can get bored .And hence it is aptly said that “ The nature and it’s beauty is an art of God “ .The beauty of nature can really mesmerize anyone and one has no other option than to appreciate and get engrossed in it .But one can not tell when it’s calmness and tranquil may take a violent turn . After all we can not command the environment around us except by obeying her. Destruction caused by tsunami’s, earthquakes, draught, and heavy rains is a clear indication of that .But slowly and slowly these pleasures and thrills of nature are being overpowered by the scientific technologies and modern day innovations , as a result of which the world now is looking at menaces like environmental pollution , Green House Effect and Global Warming . But among these the most talked about problem which is catching every ones attention is that of Global Warming.

Global Warming is an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface. This is because, since the mid 1800’s human activities mainly clearing of land, burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas have increased alarmingly. Fig’s clearly indicate this .Since 1800’s the temperature has increased about .3 to .8 degree centigrade .Because of this, the amount of atmospheric gases that help in catching of heat , has increased greatly. These gases are known as the Green House gases .Due to burning of coal, oil, petroleum and other such stuff Green House CO2 is generated. This burning mostly takes place in four wheelers, power stations, mills and factory facilities .As mentioned earlier the factor of land clearing, reduces the amount of trees. Trees take up CO2 and give out O2. As a result amount of plants that remove CO2 are getting reduced. This is increasing the Green House Effect. Greenhouse Effect is a warming of the lower atmosphere and surface of a planet by a complex process involving sunlight, gases, and particles in the atmosphere. Some scientists are however of the opinion that this effect started long before human beings came into existence , and their activities just has added to the effect. This effect has derived its name from the fact that that atmosphere consumes heat from the sun just as the roofs and walls of green house which trap heat from the sun.


In Greenhouse Effect the atmosphere reflects toward space about 30 per cent of the energy in incoming sunlight. The atmosphere absorbs about another 30 percent and the remaining 40 percent or so reaches the earth's surface. The earth's surface reflects about 15 percent of the solar energy that reaches it back toward space. The remaining energy heats the lands and seas. The warmed lands and seas then send most of the heat back into the atmosphere, chiefly as infrared rays. But even after finding out all these things, putting in research, there are some scientists who are not taking it that seriously. According to them the potential impact of this warming trend is not that much serious. But their fellow brothers who know that is not true, keep on working and finding out evidences and try and tell the world people that this threat of Global warming is really dangerous. They have examined evidences from distant parts to determine whether changes in CO2 concentration cause temperature changes. Cores of ice drilled from great depths in Greenland and Antarctica provide record for the past 16000 years. During those times climate warmed and cooled several times. Researcher’s analyzed gases and other substances that were trapped in ice when it formed. Use of high speed PC’S which are being used to study how CO2 concentration may affect temperature of earth, have shown that these gases will cause shifts in surface temperature. Mathematical formulation, relations and different scientific models that describe relationships between changeable factors have suggested that 2010’s may be too late to avoid some damage from Global Warming.


The threat of global warming could alter the ecology of many parts of earth. For E.g. : Global Warming could change the pattern of rain , melt enough polar ice to raise sea level , increase the havoc caused by tropical storms , lead to shift in plant and animal population , ocean currents , wind pattern and also make some areas cooler than they are . One remote thing that can even take place is rise in percentage of winter snowfall, which may cause advancement of ice sheets. The seas like the North Sea and the Arctic Sea are losing their ice and are warming too. In short, water masses are going to overflow heavily and pose a threat to low lying coastal areas, many of which are densely populated. Among these the major cities that strike our mind are London, Rio de Janeiro, Mumbai, Tokyo and Bangkok. Due to this loads of people will go hungry and many more will have nowhere to live. Also disasters caused by calamities like Hurricanes and typhoons will be larger - a big worry for people living in south of United States and in tropical Pacific or Indian ocean areas like Philippines islands and Bangladesh . Deserts will probably increase amount of rain, as a result of which there will be more floods. Global warming is not only going to be a threat for subjects like sea level and coastlines, but areas like agriculture , forestry and wildlife will also be under its hammer . It could have a beneficial impact in some areas and harmful impact on others. E.g.: People can begin farming activities where it is currently too cold while some areas where farming is currently practiced might become barren. The breathtaking beauty of natural parks and forests is for seeing and appreciating for what they are. But Global warming may not spare them. Here we can take the example of Grand Canyon National Park in the States. The scenic views are going to get reduced speedily due to increasing Green House Gases coming from Los Angeles which is about 480 Km away . These giant global utilities, providing essential services to humanity on a large scale and which help maintain ecological balance may lead to mass extinction and other harmful effects. The tropical rain forests which help in regulating out climate and sustain the life of some of our poorest people on earth are going to get reduced very rapidly. Due to this the Amazon rain forests in and around the South American nation of Peru, which is a source of 20 % of world’s oxygen will be under threat.

Now if we turn our attention to our country, situation here is also going to be grim. Scientists have already started calling Delhi 2020 as the year without winter. Areas of Gangetic & Brahmaputra plain have started transforming into one vast dust bowl. According to scientists, Mumbai will be at the top of list of cities that will bear the burnt of this fury. The part of Arabian Sea near Nariman Point is going to get inaccessible and the bustling skyscrapers will be turned into monumental tombstones due to watery grave. In the North the Tibetan Plateau will shrink from 5 lakh sq km to 1 lakh sq km if current warming rates persist. In agricultural sector, wheat yields will fall by 17 % by rise of even a half a degree centigrade. Food grain production will drop by nearly 30 %. With erratic rainfall and decrease in precipitation levels, India’s forests would deplete rapidly and countries mangroves that are rich in bio- diversity could be wiped out because of rising sea levels. 25 % of flora and fauna in India would become extinct by 2030. In health sector diarrhoeal diseases associated with floods and draughts could go up. Coastal water temperature could help spread cholera; heat stresses would cause deaths. Vector borne diseases, like dengue & malaria are expected to rise sharply as changes in temperature will make it conducive for mosquitoes to thrive.

After seeing the immense harm that Global Warming will cause, scientists are now working hard to find ways to combat this menace. They are recommending reduction in emission of Greenhouse gases. According to them the least controversial way to reduce such emissions would be to use gains in efficiency to decrease use of energy. E.g.: Manufacturers would adopt more efficient processes to produce goods. Makers of electrical equipments would introduce more efficient motors, light bulbs and other devices. Instead of using incandescent bulbs, compact fluorescent lamps or CFL should be in use; which consume only ¼ th of electricity and lasts longer. New manufacturing equipments and new devices like these might be more costly than replaced. However savings resulting from decreased energy consumption might help make up for extra costs. As a result new technologies would reduce emissions and save money. Experts have also offered a number of more controversial strategies for E.g.; Government could create regulations that specify type of technologies used or the amount of fossil fuel burned. Many policy analysts recommend that governments consider tax on emissions of green house gases. Another option would limit amount of green house gases each nation emits from industries, vehicles etc. Switching to bio fuels instead of petrol or diesel should be compulsory .It is seen that for every litre of petrol consumed, about four Kg of CO2 gets injected into the atmosphere. So just think about it .Under this plan each country could receive emission permits that could be bought and sold .Richer nations with higher emissions per person could purchase permits from poorer nations with lower emission per person . Thus more developed countries would have incentives to create & use more efficient technologies and less developed countries would receive money that could be used to aid their development. Planting large number of trees is another thing that could make a difference. Trees are best sinks of CO2. Scientists have calculated that if every human being plants one, we would have six billion trees growing. That could take away thousands of tones of carbon dioxide from atmosphere.

The worldly nations have been together quite a few times for discussing on the issue of Global Warming. In 1992 the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro hammered out a Framework Convention on Climate Change to bring down the level of carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. The Kyoto Protocol, its implementation arm, had called on developed countries to reduce their Green House gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2010 - a 5.2 % reduction. But all these things have become a thing of past. Countries have shown a deaf ear to all these discussions. They aren’t taking steps in the right direction. Warnings have been coming extremely thick and fast. We are facing a global climate crisis. It is deepening. We are entering a period of consequences, as a well known scientist has said “A nation that destroys it’s environment destroys itself “.

Global warming is a big threat to the world nations. If we don’t act now it may be too late. It is only human beings who have done this; it is only they who can save our mother earth! So let us join hands and propose way’s in which harmony of humankind and nature can flourish , making the years ahead a brighter tomorrow for us all.



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Can Terrorism Establish Peace ??

Terrorism, a horrifying situation is a state, which impresses an organized system of using of violence or threats to influence the conduct or urge to comply of another.
The attacks on the World Trade Center in New York, the Pentagon in Washington DC, the Parliament House in New Delhi, the Bali bombings and attacks in London have indeed made terrorism, its gruesome presence felt and highlighted the shocks that terrorism can unleash on humanity. Many parts of the world had been facing terrorism and urging for international action for facing the dreadful menace. Minor wakeup calls were coming up time and again, but the world did not do much beyond paying lip service to its cause of fighting terrorism. After such horrendous acts if terrorism comes to an end, it will be the most fortunate moment when the hopes and dreams of the people all over the world will be materialized. The world will be free of corruption, hatred, jealousy and with unity and integrity among the people. But, the euphoria will be soon marked by the tensions followed. On the other hand, if terrorism wins, then the world should be doomed to be doomed at the hands of terrorists for all the time to come.
Now one of the most important questions that come to our mind is how to control and overcome this menace. It’s very difficult to tell, because even after lots and lots of efforts that have been taken to overcome it, it shows its might in some or the other way. So it’s doubtful to say whether, it can ever be overcome or not. In fact, it feels very sad in saying this, but I have come to a conclusion that it will never end and will continue for years until some strict action is not taken by the world leaders against the dreadful acts of terrorists. It will never result in bringing and establishing peace anywhere in the world. The beautiful and spiritual places in the world will be battered, coupled with polarization of masses on religious grounds and petrified and helpless citizens of the world.
A total wiping out of terrorism may not be practically possible, but, to make concentrated efforts to finish terrorism with an iron hand should be order of the day in the present day situation. In a country like India, it is very difficult as its neighboring countries are the hub of all these activities. For this, there should be collective action, which may include global economic sanctions against the countries that support and finance terrorist activities anywhere in the world, and direct military intervention by multinational forces of army. In fact, world does have the capabilities to put curbs on terrorist activities significantly, if the world government gives green signal to do so.
Terrorism is not only brutal, but also a crime against the whole of humanity. Leave aside people, now the outlook is scarier, because, virtually, all the countries will have to be on guard against enthusiasts driven by religion bigotry, who think nothing of killing themselves in the aid of their dubious cause. They are so blinded by their religious frenzy that they seem to be devoid of all the normal human agitations of mind. The insane killings of blameless people including women and children like in Godhra Riots, are no concern for them. Indeed, these demented mercenaries may find cause from such barbaric terrorist attacks. It can only lead to war and destruction and nothing else.
The scope from inflicting value of what is lost on a very great degree has been increased by the deadly nature of advanced destructive weapons. It is evident enough, that if these insane groups of terrorists are to be stopped, the intelligence agencies of all the countries, especially, the countries, which are targeted by the terrorists have to step up their levels of co-operation. The world powers will have to take a lead hand is this matter not only because they have equipped resources and useful tactics to tackle this menace if all. If unchallenged, these elements will ring the death knell of modern civilization. If they can dare to take on powerful nations like US, India, UK, one can imagine how vulnerable other countries would be. Our country, however should take appropriate stand to be effectively involved in the worldly fight against terrorism without giving up friendship of any nation. It is necessary to tell them that the clock cannot be turned back to the dark ages.
The war of the worldly nations with the countries representing the act of terrorism will indeed be the second world war of twenty first century. Only time will tell us if this is the dangerous war, the great French scientist Nostradamus describes as the third World War, that will last for twenty seven years! The world will hope that at least this time Nostradamus ascertains his geniuses as incorrect and the world war will be able to extend to enjoy a time for peace and serenity of feelings, howsoever, nice handling is essential.
I think I should stop here saying that, there is no point in thinking whether terrorism can be overcome or not and whether it will bring to effect the calmness and peace, as it is the crying need of hour. The destructive acts of the mercenaries involved in terrorist groups, has forced all peace loving nations to come together. But then also these unprovoked acts of terrorists will only end in leading to evil and deadly as it is said by noted thinker Barry Farber;

"Crime expands according to our willingness to put up with it."

Terrorism will come to an end only by itself, when terrorists get tired or run out of resources.

A Great Revolutionary – “Veer Savarkar “

In politically fallen , socially degraded and finanacially ruined Hindustan the eighteen eightes and the eighteen nineteens witnessed the darkest period in the history of our country. The first peep of dawn in the form of the reforms of 1909 was still to come . The dawn of 1919 was beyond the horizon, The spiritual planets like Maharshi Karve , Swami Dayanand Saraswasti and Swami Vivekanand were kindling light of social regeneration and reawaking the Indians to their spiritual heritage . The revolts of Ram Singh Kuka , Vasudev Balwant Phadke had disturbed their thought for a good while . The Ilbert Bill fomented the growing ill feeling towards the British rule . Dreading the resurgent revolts aimed at the overthrow of its power , the British government was deeply engrossed in finding out a safety valve for the passage of the wrath of Indian Revolution . Two events lypified the year 1883, Swami Dayanand Sarswati , a leader of renaissance , was at the end of his earthly pilgrimage and Vasudev Balwant Phadke , the rebel , laid his bones in Aden , longing for the establishment of an Indian Republic . In such an atmosphere surcharged with unfulfilled aspirations was born Vinayak Damodar Savarkar on Monday , the 28th of May 1883 at 10 PM at Bhagur , a village near Nashik

Savarkar springs from the illustrious caste of Chittapavan Brahmins that produced Nanasaheb of 1857 fame , Vasudev Balwant and Lokmanya Tilak , all of whom strove to snatch the crown of independence from the hands of the British . The blood , bones and brains of such ancestors encouraged this epic figure of Indian Revolution , Vinayak Savarkar , who declared a war of liberation of Hindustan .

Vinayak , the infant Jahagirdar was sent to the village school at the age of six. Soon he showed signs of his remarkable inborn genius . He loved poems and his studies were intense. Vinayak was hardly ten when all the well known newspapers from Poona accepted his poems not knowing that the contribution came from a ferocious lad. In 1893 , serious riots broke out between the Hindus and the Muslims in the Azamgarh district and in August of the same year in Bombay. The news of the atrocities then perpetrated on Hindus , gave encouragement to his blood and he resolved to avenge the woes and deaths of his co-religionists. Savarkar then led a batch of selected school mates in a march upon the village mosque. The battalion of these boys showered stones upon it, shattered its windows & tiles and returned victorious. This incident gives the first hint of the heroic mettle Vinayak was made of & the key to his future daring life & leadership.

Around 1896,Maharashtra stood between famine , plague , cholera & death . The countless miseries of the famine & plague – striken masses and the excesses committed by the soldiers infuriated the Chaphekar Brothers of Poona and they shot dead the British plague commissioner , Mr. Rand and one British officer Mr.Ayerst on June 22,1897 in Poona. For this they were hanged.

In the year 1899 , Savarkar had an attack of small pox at Nashik and as a result he was back to Bhagur. There the horrible news of Chaphekar’s heroic ends , reached his ears . It drove Savarkar to grim resolve .This was the most important incident which gave him encouragement to take a vow of liberating his motherland when he was hardly sixteen.In 1899, Savarkar with his friend Mhaskar & Page shaped a friends union called Mitramela .The Mitramela sprouted into the world famous Abhinav Bharat Society. In 1904 its network spread over the western and central India & subsequently its branches in the form of Gadar Party resounde in Britain , France ,Germany, America, Honk kong, Singapore and Burma .The aim of Mitramela was absolute political Independence of India and it emphatically asserted that such an independence could be won if need be, by an armed revolt.

In Dec , 1901 Savarkar passed his matriculation exam and left for Poona in 1902. In 1904 Savrakar passed first LLB exam . He then went to Bombay to study Law . In 1906 he went to England .During those days , revolutionaries from Russia , China , Myanmar , Egypt and Ireland took shelter in London occasionally . During his stay his main objective was to have a look at the den of the Britishers , to learn how to organize a revolution & carry on the struggle for the liberation of Hindustan .Savarkar reached London in the first week of July 1906, & took his lodging at the India House founded by Shyamji Krishna Verma .

Around 1908 , Savarkars revolutionary activities increased .Svarkar & his Abhinav Bharat were busy writing , printing ,packing, & posting all the explosives and inflammatory literature .Pistols were smuggled through books and false bottom of boxes.He then also started learning the art of making bombs from a manual given to him by a Russian chemical engineer .

On July 1st 1910, steamer Morea was to convey Savarkar to India . It started from London. Savarkar escaped from the porthole of the ship on July 8th ,1910. Savarkar’s thrilling escape crossed the oceans . However the Britishers caught Savarkar once again . After that he was brought back to India . On 15th September 1910 , all the search work began under the leadership of Sir Scott . On 24th Dec , 1910 , the court was fully packed to hear the decision on Savarkar . The decision was given at last . Savarkar was sentenced to life imprisonment at Kalapani . In 1911 one more decision was sentenced on him and that too was for life imprisonment . His release would now be on 24th Dec . Savarkar arrived in Andaman . Room no .7 was his living place now . The three storeyed cellular jail was waiting for him . Slowly & slowly Savarkar started to face the atrocities . His body was tiring , but still his love for the motherland forced him to face them . After that the Governer of Bombay Sir George Llyoid arrived for the talks on Savarkars release , but some conditions were laid on him which were as follows ;

He should not go beyond Ratnagiri .
He should not participate in politics for the next five years.

Situation forced him to agree and at last on 6th Jan , 1924 Savarkar removed the prisoners clothes . He started social work in Ratnagiri. On the 10th of May ,1937 due to efforts of Jamnadas Mehta he got the permission to go out of Ratnagiri. He then came to Bombay and started living in his own house, Savarkar Sadan . But Savarkar was now becoming tired and was nearing death . On 28th May 1943 he gave a slip to death and stepped in his 61st year . On 15th Aug , 1947 India became Independent . Savarkar unfurled the national tri colour in his house & saluted it. At last , Savarkar thought , that his efforts for the liberation of Hindustan were helpful . On 9th February , 1963 condition of Savarkar deteriorated very much & at last he died on 4th November 1963 .

Savarkar , one of the makers of modern India would be a beacon of hope , courage and guidance.

Environmental Pollution >>>>>>>>>

The act of releasing any solid, liquid or gaseous substance in such a large concentration that it tends to be injurious to environment and hazardous to the environmental components is termed as Environmental Pollution.

The environmental pollution is the price we are paying for modern civilization and material progress. It literally means making foul, filthy, and dirty. Environmental Pollution is our enemy numero uno today. There is an all-round pollution everywhere in the atmosphere, on the lands, and in the seas. The air around us is polluted by the smoke and various gases puffed out by vehicles and factories and by the tremendous use of modern chemicals.

Basically the environmental pollution is of three types;
1) Air Pollution
2) Water Pollution
3) Noise Pollution
Radiation pollution & Soil pollution are the other types of pollution which are picking up their pace in recent years. But out of all these Air pollution is the most hazardous. It is a serious problem in industrialized & congested cities. Heavy traffic and use of modern chemical fertilizers pollute the air and posses terrible health hazards. Pollutants like HF, H2S, and SO2 even if present in small amounts in air are dangerous and result in dreadful diseases like respiratory paralysis, bronchitis, fibrosis, cardiac and pulmonary disorders. The tragedy that occurred on Dec 3rd , 1984 due to leakage of Methyl isocynade affected lakhs of innoscent residents very badly. Among our cities which are dangerously polluted each day may be mentioned Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, New Delhi, and Ahmedabad. These are on the brink of total misfortune resulting from upsetting the balance between living beings and their surroundings. Water bodies like river and lakes are also the victims of environmental pollution. Huge industrial and chemical wastes are dumped into them from factories killing the flora and fauna. As a result the polluted water destroys agricultural products. It corrupts the soil and makes it useless.

Noise pollution is termed as a silent killer. In recent years, noise pollution has increased to a great extent. Generally hearing capacity of human beings is of 180 dB, but above 140 dB noise is undesirable by the recipient. Loud noise affects the human beings in many ways. Continuous exposure to loud noise may bring about a permanent loss of hearing. Heart beats of a person increase. Brain and lever of a person are also affected. A person may be disturbed emotionally. Plants are also affected due to loud noise. The rate of process of photosynthesis declines. Household appliances , loudly played radios & TV’s , vehicles and small industries add to increasing noise pollution. But of all pollutions noise pollution is the easiest one to control, but the people must be aware of it. So a great environmentalist says that “ Let silence whisper peace into your ears “ . Like noise pollution , Radiation pollution is also dangerous . Nuclear activities and nuclear tests lead to radiation pollution. The radioactive substances and their by –products remain in the atmosphere for a long period of time and pollute the air . These pollutants destroy the human chromosomes and genes and bring about permanent hereditary disorders. So radiation pollution is very dangerous.

Environmental pollution is the reason which helps in the poisoning of air and harms the ozone layer of the earth , which protects us from the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun. If the ozone layer is destroyed mankind will perish , from the harmful radiations. So we must fight this evil with all our might.

But although , environmental pollution seems to be dangerous and difficult to control it is in our own hands to fight this evil. So we must take effective and efficient steps to control it. The vehicular and factory smoke should be reduced by modern equipments like gas absorbers , wet collectors , bag filters , oxygen furnaces etc. Some efficient method of disposing of garbage which is pilling up at an alarming rate in many parts of the cities should be developed . The dumping of chemical wastes of factories into the rivers and seas should be stopped. We should plant more trees , protect forests and bring about more gardens and open spaces . This is because trees act as bio-monitor for the problem of environmental pollution . Hence , it is said that

The enemy’s enemy is a friend , pollution is our enemy , trees are our friend which eliminate it.

Many institutions and organizations in our country and abroad should propagate important values relating to environmental pollution . Recycling as a means of controlling environmental pollution should be brought into use on a large scale. Interestingly ways of recycling cans, newspapers, glass bottles, rubber and other articles of daily use should be found out.

Due to all these sorts of pollution taking place in the entire world mankind is on the verge of extinction. So the sooner we take effective steps against this act , the better it is for the welfare of mankind.

Solid Waste Management :

Ours is an age of science and around us are the ‘fairy tales of progress in the long march ‘of time. Today our life depends upon innumerable things which come in this world by the sincere efforts of our fellow scientists. In one word they can be termed as the wonders in today’s world. Because of such things tomorrows world promises to be a better place for man to live. However this situation is rapidly changing its form & on the contrary making life difficult. Let me explain why I think so.

Industrialization has increased which is causing rise of slums, filth, and squalor. Our moral and spiritual progress has failed. Thus the filth, dirt, garbage, waste are the price we are paying for modern civilization and material progress. The useless and unwanted materials which lie unused and unproductive are causing harm to our environment, which is on the verge of ecological disaster. Hence sooner or later it is important to take effective steps to avert this tragedy for the betterment of mankind .It can be done by proper management of these substances.

Material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful is called solid waste. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and this condition in turn can lead to pollution of environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne diseases. The sources of solid waste include residential, commercial, institutional and industrial activities. It includes decomposable food waste, dry material such as glass, paper, wood, cloth, bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, large trees, rubber & plastic items, waste from nuclear reactors etc.

The tasks of collecting, treating and disposing of solid waste are technically challenging.
They also pose wide variety of administrative, economic and social problems that must be managed and solved. It is labor intensive activity, accounting for approx. three quarters of total cost of solid waste management. Public employees are often assigned to the task, but private companies like to do work under contract to the municipality. The task of selecting an optimal collection also plays an important part. Nowadays many communities have started conducting source separation & recycling programmers near the drop off centers started by them.

The ways of treatment and proper management of the solid waste are discussed below

Plastic: Plastics account for almost 10 % by weight of the content of municipal garbage. Plastic containers and other household products are increasingly recycled and for that they are sorted at the source before processing. Various thermoplastics may be remolded and reformed into new products. The most widely recycled types are the polythene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polypropylene. Thermoplastics may be remolded and reformed into new products. Egg: Polyurethane and epoxy resins are ground or shredded for use as fillers or insulating materials. So called bio degradable plastics, include starches that degrade upon exposure to sunlight.

Paper and other cellulose products: One of the most readily available materials for recycling is paper. The stream of waste paper consists principally of newspaper; office, copying and writing paper; computer paper; colored paper; paper tissues and towels; boxboard (used for paper bags). These papers must be sorted before recycling. Newsprint and cardboard can be repulsed to make same material, while other types of scrap paper are recycled for use in low quality papers such as boxboard, tissues, and towels. Paper intended for printing grade products must be dinked (often using caustic soda) after pulping; for some uses the stock is bleached before pressing into sheets. Smaller amounts of recycled paper are made into cellulose insulation and other building products.
Bark, wood chips and lignin from saw mils, pulp mills, and paper mills are returned to soil as soil conditioners and fertilizers. The craft process of paper making produces a variety of liquid wastes that are sources of such valuable chemicals as turpentine, methyl alcohol, acetone, ethyl alcohol, and diethyl supplied. Sludge’s from pulp & paper manufacture and phosphate lime from fertilizer manufacture can be made into gypsum wallboard.

Rubber: Rubber is also one of the most polluting materials. Though much of the used rubber was formerly burned, burning has been greatly curtailed to prevent air pollution.
Internal recycling is common in most rubber plants; the reprocessed rubber can be used wherever premium grade rubber is not needed. The destructive distillation of scrap rubber products may, however, allow the reclamation of valuable chemicals. External recycling has proved a problem over the years; the cost of recycling old or worn out tires and other such material has far exceeded the value of the reclaimed material.

Glass: Glass makes up about 6 % by weight of the material in municipal waste streams.
Glass is an easily salvageable material, but one that is difficult to recover economically. Though enormous numbers of glass containers are used throughout the world, much of this glass is still not recycled, because the raw material are so inexpensive that there is scant economic motive to reuse them.
Another problem is that waste glass must be separated by color (i.e. clear, green, and brown) before it can be reused to make new glass containers. Despite these difficulties, anywhere from 35 to 90 % cullet ( broken or refused ) is currently used in glass production.

Animal and Fish wastes : The large increase in livestock and poultry production, has created a problem of disposing of animal wastes.
Processing of animal wastes for use as a component of animal feeds has been under intensive study, along with research on use of wastes for large scale composting and on possible dehydration of wastes for use as garden fertilizer. The waste from commercial fisheries and processing plants, including parts of fish & shell fish, contains valuable oils and large amounts of protein. Methods have been developed for converting these proteins into animal food and for the production of a paraffin fuel oil from animal wastes.

Ferrous Metals: These can be managed by internal as well as external methods. Metal cuttings or imperfect products are recycled by remolding, recasting, and redrawing entirely within steel mills. This process is cheaper than producing new metal from the basic ore.
Byproducts from the coke oven include organic compounds, hydrogen supplied, ammonia, which are purified and sold. Ammonia as an aqueous solution or combination with sulphuric acid which forms Ammonium sulphate is sold as fertilizer.
External recycling includes making of feed to electric arc and basic oxygen furnaces, from scrap steel.
One of the largest source of scrap steel is reprocessing of old automobile bodies, The average junked automobile contains about 62 % iron and steel , 28 % non ferrous metals and 10 % rubber, plastic, and textiles.
Parts such as carburetors and electrical components can be rebuilt and resold and the engine block is removed and melted down for recasting.
Automobile body is then crushed and flattened ; and then shredded to small pieces by hammer mills . Ferrous metals are then separated by powerful magnets and only the plastics , textiles & rubber are not reused . Some procedures are applied to washing machines , refrigerators , and other large steel or iron items.

Other reuse : Once glass , plastics , and metals have been removed , what remains is essentially organic waste . This waste can be biologically decomposed and turned into humus , which is useful soil conditioner . Kitchen scraps , when decomposed with leaves and grass in a compost mound , make an especially useful soil amendment , which helps to reduce the amount of material contributed by households to landfills.


Thus if the solid wastes are properly managed it helps to protect human health and safeguard environmental quality . Proper waste treatment and disposal practices may thus prevent degradation of ecosystems and neighbourhoods.
So it is purely in our hands to save this environment and to lead a healthy life .


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Role of Youth in Controlling “HIV/AIDS “

Disease is a sickness of body or mind . It can be a mild as a soar throat or as serious as cancer or a heart attack . It can strike almost any part of the body and affect a persons mental and emotional health . There are different kinds of diseases like infectious, fungal, viral etc . Cancer , Tuberculosis , Brain Tumor , AIDS , etc are some of the diseases which are really deadly and life threatening . But among them AIDS is the most dangerous and threatening .

AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome . It is final, life threatening stage of infection with human immune deficiency virus {HIV}. AIDS refers to fact that HIV severely damages the immune system, the body, which is the most important defense against disease . Cases of AIDS were first identified in 1981 in America and since then millions of AIDS cases have been diagnosed world wide .

AIDS is basically caused by two viruses that belong to a group called retro viruses . These viruses infect certain WBC’S including T helper cells & macrophages which play keyrole in the immune system . Basically , people who have been infected with HIV virus have to go through three stages of infection , which are ;

1] acute retroviral stage & asymptomatic period
2] symptomatic HIV infection
3] AIDS

Length of time any person stays in each stage varies greatly & depends upon many factors including medical treatment . AIDS can be transmitted during all the stages of infection , even when no symptom occurs . The acute retroviral stage gets flulike illness & usually goes away without any treatment . Second stage however may show mild or severe symptoms like rashes and dental illness , which may last from few months to many years . The progressive breakdown of immune system eventually leads to death usually within few years .

If compared to other diseases like malaria, TB, pneumonia, AIDS is relatively a new disease that involves sex and drugs and mainly affects young adults . For this reason , it has created a widespread social concern. Some efforts to deal with AIDS or to prevent HIV transmission have provoked controversy . Seeing the severity of this disease to prevent its transmission, care centres nowadays tell doctors , dentists and other workers to wear gloves, masks, and other protective clothing during many examination. However even if such safe effective steps & other medical methods against HIV are taken , AIDS cases would still occur for many years. This is because millions of individuals in the youth are already infected with the disease . This worldwide problem has really put a challenge in front of scientists who are attempting to develop a vaccine to boost the immune system of individuals infected with HIV .

The most important factor in transmission of HIV is the sexual contact between the youths . Due to excitement which is very common in todays youth , they have sexual contact with a number of partners . Thus if a youth has sexual contact with anyone who is or who might be infected with the virus he transmits it . Such stuff should be avoided . The most important and effective preventive strategy is to refrain from all the sexual intimacy or to restrict sexual intimacy to one uninfected person,who in turn has no other sexual partner . Most effective strategy to stay away from HIV/AIDS is to use condoms everytime during intercourse with a person who is infected with HIV or whose infection ststus is unknown . Young individuals can significantly reduce the risk of infection by using such protective measures during sex . They can also avoid it by not having sex with prostitutes , who have a number of sex partners & other high risk patients . But even then youth begin sexual activity at an early age , with many sex partners or have sex with prostitutes , without using condoms , and then face the consequences . Now what can one do with such individuals ??

Education to such youths about AIDS , has hence become the chief approach to prevent infection . Some education institutions have even set up health clnics that give knowledge about use of condoms , to its students . However at many places such type of classroom discussion of condom use has been opposed . This is because , they feel it implies acceptance of sexual intimacy of marriage . Even the local and national government has understood the importance of giving education about AIDS and hence they have started public health clinics . These clinics offer counseling & HIV antibody testing to individuals who have symptoms or are at the risk of infection . Such health centres also provide funds for AIDS education , treatment & confidentially notify the infected persons sexual or needle sharing partners of their risk . Once notified , they too can receive preventive counseling tests and medical service . Todays youth also have the advantage of public awareness programmes started by international organizations like the RED CROSS ,which work to increase awareness of AIDS among young people . The youth should take all possible advantage of such programmes , to avoid that deadly menace , AIDS . By conducting such programmes , surely greater awareness can be created .

Preventing drug abuse and educating young drug users about AIDS are important approaches to control HIV infection . Drug users share needles , syringes , towels , razors & other equipments . AZT reduces risk of transmission from an infected mother to her foetus or baby . Hence nowdays efforts are being made to educate drug users about health and sex education as well as needle & syringe exchange programmes . However these types of programmes have been criticized as seeming to imply acceptance of drug use . Now a days even stars and celebrities have helped raise public consciousness of AIDS . Many well known people have participated in education and fund raising efforts . The epidemic also has gained attention as a result of several well known people , including tennis star Arthur Ashe , ballet dancer Rudolf Nareyev becoming infected with HIV or dying from AIDS . Due to such awareness programmes , these days many individuals were a red ribbon to show support for people with AIDS .

Some individuals infected with HIV have been injustly lost or denied education & jobs . To prevent such things , government has made laws . Preventing discrimination against AIDS patients is important not only for moral reasons but also to maintain public health . When people are’nt afraid of discrimination they are more likely to seek earlier couselling and to be tested for HIV infection. This leads to less risky behaviour & earlier diagnose .

Thus if youth can understand the menace of AIDS clearly & can take steps to prevent its transmission , this evil can surely be wiped out of this world .

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